CONFRONTING INTOLERANCE

Posting provocation, twittering pluralism                                 

Just before Christmas suburban commuters ran a gauntlet of posters pegged alongside main roads leading into the East Java city of Malang.

For many the professionally-produced advertisements (left) in the national colors of red and white carried an unwelcome message.  It translated as:  ‘Good Muslims do not greet Christians with Happy Christmas or celebrate the New Year.’  There was also some Arabic calligraphy and a quote about unbelievers allegedly from the Koran.

The names of six organizations, including a radio station and ‘Forum Takmir Masjid Kota Malang [Malang City Takmir Mosque Forum] and the Majelis Ulama Indonesia [MUI – Indonesian Islamic Scholars] claimed responsibility though some have reportedly denied involvement. 

Among those offended was Muslim lawyer Achmad Haryono. “The posters were provocative and erected by radicals who want to create a Saudi-like society,” he said. “Through Facebook community groups spontaneously alerted each other and we took action.”

Within two hours more than 100 posters in five suburbs had been ripped down and handed to public order officials, Haryono said. Christians and a Hindu offered to help but were told it was a Muslim task.  It seemed like a good time to refresh ideas of tolerance so the Gusdurians got involved.

This sounds like a sack of the thorny and malodorous fruit, and to complicate matters the youth wing calls itself Garuda after the mythical eagle, a symbol also used by the national airline.

Gusdurian is a nationwide network maintaining the spirit and ideals of Indonesia’s fourth president, Abdurrahman Wahid, better known as Gus Dur. Its principles include humanitarianism, freedom, egalitarianism and justice.

A prominent Islamic scholar and great humorist, Gus Dur (right) was lauded by other religions for his championship of diversity. He held office from October 1999 to July 2001, a chaotic period marked by social reforms, maladministration and bad relations with the army. He lost office after being impeached by Parliament.

Despite many of the young Gusdurians’ remoteness from those turbulent times, they organized a seminar to commemorate the fifth anniversary of their hero’s death.  Although this occurred on 30 December the event was held in early January because Malang was still mourning victims of the Air Asia crash.

Instead of printing posters they relied on Facebook and Twitter to spread the word, and by the time magrib [the evening prayer] had finished they’d packed a Catholic church hall with more than  250 people. The police were present but there was no trouble.

Here they sampled speeches from the all-male leaders of the major faiths, watched a documentary on Gus Dur and heard his praises sung by musicians and proclaimed by performance poet and businessman Muhammad Berlian Al Hamid (below, right)

After a while the Christian greetings of Shalom [Peace] and the Islamic Assalamualaikum [Peace be unto you] were replaced by Salam satu jiwa [Welcome, one soul].

Although there was a contingent of saffron-clad Buddhist monks and nuns in white it was clear from their dress that the majority were young Muslims – and their passion for pluralism was unequivocal.

“I wasn’t surprised,” said the moderator Kristanto ‘Tatok’ Budiprabowo, speaking to The Jakarta Post after the event.  “In my experience most Muslims are liberal while Christians remain conservative.  It’s very difficult to find progressive Protestants in this country – though Catholics are more advanced.”

Tatok should know.  He studied for a Master of Theology degree at Yogyakarta’s Duta Wacana Christian University where he met Gus Dur and joined Interfide, a youth inter-faith movement. After graduating he moved to a church in Sumatra ministering to transmigrants from Java.

Now back in his hometown Malang and researching for a doctorate, he reflected on what he considers to be the growth of intolerance in Indonesia.

“It was much better in the past,” he said.  “I grew up in a village outside Malang; we were the only Protestant family yet we never felt that we were strange.  We had Muslim relatives.  My Grandfather was a dalang [puppet master] who followed kebatinan [traditional Javanese beliefs].

“I played in the mosque with the Muslim kids.  We celebrated Idul Fitri with our neighbors and they came round to wish us Happy Christmas.”

Tatok (left) said the situation started to change in the 1980s when then President Soeharto, who had previously oppressed political Islam, began to court Muslim support. Gus Dur, then head of the huge Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic organization, also started to criticise Soeharto’s New Order government.

“Radical preachers began to appear in the villages, though our kiai [Islamic scholar] was a wise man who sent them away,” said Tatok.

“But elsewhere they gained influence and started to use religion as a political tool.  That led to the situation we have today and the problems we encounter.

“Although the majority religion in any society should reach out to minorities, it’s wrong to just blame Muslims for the growing intolerance. Christians must also reform.  We need to refocus our beliefs and reinterpret what Christianity really means.

“Too many see their religion as exclusive and don’t want to know about other faiths. They stay within their own group. It makes them feel better. There is no special uniqueness in Christianity. We can see Christ everywhere, including in other religions.

“Curiously the inter-faith movement isn’t being led by academics who like to play safe.  The activists are artists and creative people.”

Organisers later said they would lobby local government to declare Malang a ‘Peace City’ where the principles of inclusiveness and tolerance would be guarded.

“I think this meeting has helped many young people who are religious but unhappy with the way their faith is being interpreted, to realise they are not alone,” said Tatok.

“Now they understand that there are alternative ways of thinking, and that’s OK.  Overall I’m optimistic; through modern technology good ideas can be spread more easily.

”Our job is to empower local people through the teachings of Gus Dur so we can all live together in peace.”

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 (First published in The Jakarta Post 12 January 2015)

DIN SYAMSUDDIN ON PLURALISM, FATWAS AND THE PRESIDENCY

Confessions of a most misunderstood man

Other faiths and Westerners have nothing to fear from Indonesia, despite a fatwa (binding ruling) against pluralism by religious scholars. Nor should outsiders be concerned about nationalism, according to Professor Din Syamsuddin, head of the Muhammadiyah Islamic organization that claims 30 million members.

On a visit to Malang in central East Java the US trained scholar with a doctorate in political science spoke to Duncan Graham. This is an edited version of the interview on the eve of the possible presidential candidate’s 50th birthday.

The West tends to label you a moderate. Is that accurate and what does it mean?

I don’t come with labels. I don’t know whether I am a moderate or not – that’s for others to decide. I have a principle of taking the median position between left and right in terms of balance.

There’s a lot of misunderstanding – all Muslim organizations suffer from attribution, generalization and stigmatisation.

However I have been strongly against the war on terror. I was misquoted as saying President George W Bush was a drunken horse. I used the metaphor of the kuda lumping (the Javanese hobby-horse trance dance). That was changed in translation and my statement misunderstood.

Now many in the US and the West are supporting my position.

You say you support pluralism, but the MUI (Majelis Ulama Indonesia - the Council of Religious Scholars), where you’ve long held senior positions, has issued a fatwa against pluralism.

I’m still in the MUI, though not active – I have too many other duties. I wasn’t involved in the fatwa. Most of the members of the MUI committee that pronounced the fatwa were members of NU (Nahdlatul Ulama - a second Islamic organization that claims 40 million members.)

(Syamsuddin was raised in a prominent NU family but moved to Muhammadiyah as a student. He said this was “a rational choice based on my understanding of Islam – I was drawn to Muhammadiyah by the combination of ideas and action with our schools, hospitals and other institutions – what some have called ‘Protestant Islam’.”)

So is the fatwa wrong?

The title of the fatwa is wrong. The context and the title are different. The position has been distorted. The truth of religion is in relativism. It was a mistake of the committee in using the term pluralism and not relativism.

What do you mean by relativism?

This is a semantic problem. The Holy Koran has many verses about religious pluralism. It has also been a mistake made by outsiders to exaggerate by saying the fatwa is against pluralism. I am active in many national and international inter-faith groups and promoting dialogue.

At the top level there seems to be no problem. After every inter-faith conference we see media photos of happy leaders from different religions embracing and passing resolutions of tolerance. Meanwhile in some kampongs and villages people of different faiths keep fighting.

There has to be a new paradigm on inter-faith dialogue. We have to include the excluded. We should focus on the state of being, not believing. We should all be in one big tent. The only exceptions are those who encourage violence. The government must deal with them.

But how do you include extremists of any faith who refuse to even discuss other people’s positions?

This is the dilemma. Everything is in a state of change and we must involve the non-religious sectors of society in these problem-solving discussions. Let me make it very clear: I am totally against terrorism and I took an active and very tough stand against the tragic events (the World Trade Center attacks) in the US. I did not escape my responsibilities, like some others.

The West often finds the apparent inferiority complex of some Muslims in Indonesia puzzling. You are the overwhelming majority. Why should you fear other beliefs?

Islam was put in a corner by the Soeharto government. After reform started (in 1998) Islam in Indonesia faced multi-level problems and new challenges. We have been like the Indonesian proverb about a man who falls from a ladder, gets hurt, causes breakages and is then blamed by the ladder’s owner.

I agree there is a need for reform in Islam, but I do not support the Liberal Islamic movement. They confuse liberal with liberated.

We don’t want our society to be divided. I tell Muslims not to feel inferior, not to loose hope and blame others. The Arabs took Islam into the golden age. I see Muslims in South-East Asia leading the way into a new age of tolerance and understanding. Of course there’s a place for other faiths.

The next time we meet will you by a candidate for the vice presidency?

Why the number two position? Nothing is definite yet, but I think I’m able. I’m the president of a great and complex organization that is almost like a state. Many have asked me – probably yes, maybe no. I must be whole hearted.

If you did get the top job what changes would you make?

I’d like to see Indonesia as the world’s third largest democracy enforcing freedom …

Enforcing?

No, that’s too strong a word. Promoting freedom and the people’s social, political and economic rights, and having religious freedom. We need overseas investment from those who accept our sovereign position.

Sounds like nationalism …

I only want what is the most favourable and best possible position for all Indonesians.

I’ve met Kevin Rudd (Australian Prime Minister) and he is a very good man. I like him a lot. We must be good friends with Australia and work together. We are not a threat to each other. Australia needs to become more Asian.

I didn’t get enough time with him. I want to go to Australia soon and propose Australia working with Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and Japan to counterbalance the growing power of China and India.

My obsession if for a peaceful and prosperous world. I want to see a mature, modern and moderate Indonesia facing the world with self-confidence. But at times I feel that I have been a most misunderstood person.

(First published in The Jakarta Post 1 September 2008)

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